Superfluities Redux

by George Hunka
Artistic director, theatre minima

A Theatre Surrounds a City:
Vienna's Burgtheater


Thursday, 25 March 2010

Does American drama have an annus mirabilis?


Eugene O'Neill in rehearsal: Of or before his time?

I'm currently enjoying Dan Rebellato's 1956 and All That: The making of modern british drama, a revisionist history of postwar British drama that examines the status of John Osborne's Look Back in Anger as a watershed work. Look Back in Anger opened at the Royal Court on 8 May 1956, though it was not the only significant theatrical event in London that year: Brecht's Berliner Ensemble made its first appearance in the city as well, and in August 1955 Waiting for Godot opened at the Arts Theatre. An extraordinary twelve month period for any one theatre capital indeed, even if it's only in hindsight: the English-language theatre of the fifty years that followed may not have transpired as it did without this triumvirate of events.

There was no similar year in the U.S. (though that same year, 1956, saw the Jose Quintero/Jason Robards revival of The Iceman Cometh at Sheridan Square's Circle in the Square theatre, a production that, according to legend, sparked the off-Broadway movement; this was also the same year that the Obies were first awarded, going to Quintero for director, Robards for actor and The Threepenny Opera for best musical). Whatever similar revolution (if that's what it was) that may have occurred took place in the four years immediately following WWII. O'Neill's Iceman Cometh opened at the Martin Beck Theatre on Broadway in October 1946, Williams' A Streetcar Named Desire in 1947 at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre, and Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman at the Morosco Theatre in 1949. These three plays continue to stand as landmarks; it might be said that much American drama flows through these three very different plays as well. While the O'Neill play was completed in 1939, just before America's entry into the war, it bears the marks of prophecy that all great dramas possess: Hickey's ruthless destruction of the political and personal romances of individual men and women detonated an atomic bomb destroying the celebration of the quotidian qualities of American small-town life demonstrated in Thornton Wilder's pre-war Our Town (1938). Williams mourned a romantic sexuality lost with Belle Rive, replacing it with the transgressive animal passion and desire to which we are all subject, and Miller, the immediate heir to Clifford Odets, ambivalently examined the concepts of American success and business in the context of a changing culture. (I sometimes wonder, in my more cynical moments, that the renaissance of interest in Wilder's and Odets' pre-war work over the past ten years or so may reflect an ignorant wish, an unconscious denial that Auschwitz and Hiroshima ever happened.)

About ten years later, with the establishment of the off-Broadway scene and the off-off-Broadway scene at the Caffe Cino and La MaMa, a different sort of dramatic advance occurred, an advance which lashed out against the conformist spirit of the 1950s, when mass capitalism was in its ascendancy and the fear generated by the Cold War grew. Rebellato's book and similar revisionist histories of the English stage since 1956 make me curious as to what might be revealed by a similar reassessment of these plays and events and those that followed in their wake. As Rebellato writes in the introduction to his book, "As Foucault remarks, writing a history in terms of the present may simply reinforce conditions that obtain in the present. ... In this sense, writing an account of theatre in the fifties is also what Foucault calls a 'history of the present'; writing a history of the present that shows, as genealogy at its best can, that things could have been different, may also be an intervention in the present" — an intervention that may lead us to better understand the condition in which American drama finds itself today; after all, we do not know where we are until we understand where we've been.

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