Superfluities Redux

On culture and theatre, by George Hunka

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Wednesday, 03 December 2008

Market Rules

Photo: Christopher Shinn

Christopher Shinn:
Is American theatre up against a wall?

In the latest issue of the Index on Censorship, Christopher Shinn writes about theatre and self-censorship in the post-Bush age. He cites the Rachel Corrie and Corpus Christi affairs as indicative of a trend towards the trivialization of theatre, unlikely to end with the election of Barack Obama, which may continue "regardless of who is in the White House and how the recent financial crisis changes the structure of our society." Chris writes:

Clinton's centrism laid the groundwork for the Bush presidency to move the country radically to the right. In the Bush era, the Democratic party maintained a vocabulary of opposition while essentially continuing its Clintonian centrism (as its support for the Iraq war made clear, to give just one example). Barack Obama, despite his progressive rhetoric, ran a centrist campaign for the Democratic nomination and seems unlikely to change the parameters of the debate or commit to major progressive policy initiatives as president. ...

Although there are individuals currently doing innovative and courageous work, I think that, broadly speaking, American playwrights have fallen victim to what has happened in the culture at large: the oppositional voice has largely disappeared and been absorbed by the dominant ideologies of our time – free market, apolitical, militaristic.

Sadly, it is hard to see how a country whose two major parties agree on so much, and whose wealth has become an expectation for its citizens, is going to transform itself into a more equitable and peaceful place, and one more tolerant of and interested in politically oppositional art. Global markets have changed Hollywood forever, and non-profit theatres will continue to need the support of the ruling class to fund their existence. Writers who wish to make a living wage from their writing will likely continue to self-censor in order to be produced at these theatres and to remain viable in Hollywood.

Are there any realistic grounds for hope? Could a change really come? Will an Obama presidency or the aftermath of the financial crisis help spur a change? In the aftermath of the Rachel Corrie affair, the fact that so many theatre artists would only privately communicate their support and agreement with me is both the tragedy, and the hope, of our current predicament as American theatre artists in the newly post-Bush era.

The complete essay is available as a .pdf here.

Formally, Chris's work is firmly within the tradition of post-Ibsenite realistic and naturalistic dramaturgy (and Chris may be the finest young American writer dedicated to working within that tradition; that he was selected to adapt Hedda Gabler for its upcoming Broadway production is evidence of that); because he is something of a formal traditionalist, his words here have particular force.

While I agree with many of his points, I also feel that he doesn't go quite far enough. As American dramatists have internalized the Hollywood aesthetic and ethos, the imaginations of these dramatists have become spiritually and voluntarily crippled: the unending call for "good" storytelling (what preconceptions lie in that modifier "good," and where do those preconceptions come from?), the requirement that even our darkest plays contain some measure of "entertainment" (a weasel-word, allowing us to define it in whatever way we choose), the emphasis on audience as collective, the facile psychologizing of characters rather than an incisive exploration of their spiritual and physical conditions, the purpose of theatre as an arena for ameliorist progressive politics and "hope" or "courage," whatever these are (and however little these abstract and falsely-comforting qualities have to do with the human truths that the theatre can uniquely exhibit). These are all questions that speak to the social and cultural ends of theatre, and represent a ruling, oppressive ideology both above and beneath their surface.

I'm sure that Chris is right in that "there are individuals currently doing innovative and courageous work," but I'm not sure there are as many of them as we might like to believe. Many of our playwrights don't choose to abjure the current production system, but to join it: to "change the system from within," though being within the system in the first place is the surest way to become co-opted by its cultural and ideological preconceptions, almost without knowing it. They want access to the big stages that the institutional theatres represent, and having determined that their own individuality is primarily the product of collectivist social forces, cheerfully and blithely join that collective ideology and collective mind. It certainly means that they no longer then feel the need to explore those darker recesses of the self, since they've rendered those recesses philosophically (and theatrically) irrelevant. But this irrationality breaks free: in Mumbai, in Iraq, in Jonestown, even at a Wal-Mart in Long Island. Ameliorist progressive politics, with a nod to collectivism, is a blinder to this irrationality. It's the excavation of this irrationality that is missing from our stages, but so long as the current ideology remains at the center of our theatres' cultural mission, it will continue to go begging.

Chris's full essay, again, is available online here.

Posted at 9.09 am in /Dramatists/Chris_Shinn

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Wednesday, 26 November 2008

Daniel Keene

Better late than never: Australian dramatist Daniel Keene gets the full-on 30-minute radio documentary treatment in the 9 November edition of Artworks from ABC Radio National. In an interview with presenter Amanda Smith, Keene discusses his position as a playwright whose work is seemingly more at home in the theatres of Paris than those of Melbourne or Sydney, and in Paris, Rhiannon Brown talks to the translator of Keene's plays, Severine Magois. I wrote about Terminus and Other Plays, a collection of Keene's work, in 2005 here.

Posted at 12.24 pm in /Dramatists

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Wednesday, 26 November 2008

Process Online

Starting today at 10.00am and continuing every Wednesday through the opening on 5 February 2009, rehearsals for Richard Foreman and John Zorn's Astronome: A Night at the Opera, the spring production at the Ontological-Hysteric Theatre, can be seen live on-line through the good offices of free103point9 Transmission Arts. It's a unique offering from two unique theatre and music artists (three, if you include the fine work that free103point9 is doing); watch Foreman, his cast and his crew create a new work before your very eyes. You want the theatrical process available through the Internet, you've got it.

Posted at 9.20 am in /Dramatists/Richard_Foreman

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Tuesday, 25 November 2008

Interrogating Jonestown

18 November 2008 marked the 30th anniversary of the mass death at Jonestown, what the anonymous Wikipedia author calls "the greatest single loss of American civilian life in a non-natural disaster until the events of September 11, 2001." Over 900 members of the "faith-based" socialist agricultural collective died, at either their own hands or those of the lieutenants of the commune's leader, Jim Jones.

The event was a profoundly traumatic catastrophe for the American national culture. Jones and his followers, who had been attempting to establish their own version of an ideal world, their own city-on-a-hill, for nearly 30 years, enjoyed the support of American political leaders and earned the admiration of thousands; the dedication of the Peoples Temple to racial equality, to communitarian ideals, to the possibilities of human community, went unquestioned. Jones was praised by George Moscone, Jerry Brown and then Vice-President Walter Mondale; only a year before Jonestown, he was named Chairman of the San Francisco Housing Authority and in 1976 won the "Humanitarian of the Year" Award from the Los Angeles Herald-Examiner. At the same time, the ideology of the community was not able to contain the gross irrationality – both Jones' and his followers – that would eventually lead to the slaughter. The details, the seeming need to find a significance that would distance the event from the American cultural shifts and assumptions that led to the creation of the Peoples Temple, have been raked over the coals in dozens of films, documentaries and books. No significance, no meaning, has been established. Two Rice University researchers who maintain a Web site about the cultural significance of Jonestown can only conclude:

A complete examination into the events and meanings of the Jonestown cult would entail leafing through many pages of letters and documents, listening to taped conversations, and researching the histories of each of that cult's followers. In addition, the theories of any of scores of social theorists, philosophers, psychologists, scholars of religion, et cetera would no doubt be pertinent to a complete understanding of the anomaly of Jonestown and the culture that spawned it. The compilers of this site do not have the resources nor the theoretical knowledge to profess to such a venture. In fact, it would be impossible for us to claim a complete understanding of such a complex event, even with an encyclopedic knowledge of all world thought. Our goal in the compilation of this site is to encourage you to consider the history of Jonestown in light of the mainstream culture around it. If Jim Jones's concept of revolutionary suicide is to be affective on any level it is necessary that we conceive of this (apparent) anomaly as an indicator of problems within society as a whole. Consider the implications of Jonestown as regarding its broader historical era as well as our contemporary world. Remember that those who found refuge in the Temple were seeking, as we all do, a place within a world they felt ill-equipt to understand. These Temple members were not others; they were us.

And it is, too, a subject worthy of a dramatist working in the tradition of Shakespeare. Not merely in its external dressing, of course – certainly it's a broad-canvas subject, appropriate to the heights of lyricism; aesthetically, naturalistic dialogue could not contain the wild passion of the self-destruction it suggests. Internally, too, the subject contains several of those dynamics properly the property of what David Ian Rabey suggested was the foundation of the consciousness of a Shakespearean dramatist. According to Rabey, the realist mode as it has come down through Chekhov denies "the socially unmanageable individual capacity for unpredictable self-transformation." The Shakespearean drama is a metaphorical and lyrical drama which questions ideology and the stability of individual identity through the play of power, death and sexuality. Rabey cites Stephen Booth's comment on the condition of Cordelia in King Lear:

I submit that audiences are not shocked by the fact of Cordelia's death but by its situation and that audiences grieve not for Cordelia's physical vulnerability, or for the physical vulnerability of humankind, but for their own – our own – mental vulnerability, a vulnerability made absolutely inescapable when the play pushes inexorably beyond its own identity, rolling across and crushing the very framework that enables its audience to endure the otherwise terrifying explosion of all manner of ordinarily indispensable mental contrivances for isolating, limiting and comprehending. When Lear enters howling in the last moments of the play, Shakespeare has already presented an action that is serious, of undoubted magnitude, and complete; he thereupon continues that action beyond the limits of the one category that no audience can expect to see challenged: Shakespeare presents the culminating events of his story after his play is over.

In short, the Shakespearean tragedy always extends beyond the events of the play and into the individual consciousness, the individual psyche, and embodies in its language and performers not merely contemplation but the experience of that contemplation as well: tragedy is beyond commerce, and beyond the four walls of the theatre.

On occasion, it may be doubted that the American experience lacks those historical and philosophical extensions into the past and future that make possible a Shakespearean drama: our culture insists that we are tethered to the present and does not encourage us to explore beyond it. Nonetheless (and so long as some bloggers are desultorily discussing the content – or, rather, the lack of discussion of content – of the plays presented on American stages), our history provides the canvas for the dramatic imagination, and events like Jonestown can be found in it – events that question ideology and the enlightenment conception of ameliorist progression of human beings. In the composition of a play about Jonestown, however, there can be no expectation of understanding, of significance, of meaning: the very existence of the irrational denies it. Many aspects of Jonestown – its location in cultural history, the historic and personal forces that whipped Jones and his community into being, be they calls to social justice, self-actualization, an iconoclastic spirituality beyond tradition – are uniquely American. One day, an American drama worthy of the epithet "Shakespearean" may emerge from theatrical considerations of such events, as Shakespeare took a king named Leir from Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland and transformed him into an emblem of the suffering of the race.


The most comprehensive book on Jones and the Peoples Temple is the recently reissued Raven, by Tim Reiterman. Mary McCormick Maaga's Hearing the Voices of Jonestown considers the women who helped Jones lead the movement, many of them educated political activists committed to social justice. Finally, there's Shiva Naipaul's 1980 book on the event, Journey to Nowhere, which is a dour but powerful meditation based on original reportage in the aftermath of Jonestown. It is unfortunately out of print.

Posted at 9.05 am in /Drama

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Tuesday, 28 October 2008

Call for Papers

David Ian Rabey and Karoline Gritzner of Aberystwyth University in Wales have asked me to pass along the following call for papers:

HOWARD BARKER'S ART OF THEATRE

An international conference, Aberystwyth University, Wales, UK, 10-12 July 2009

Deadline for Proposals: 5 January 2009

Howard Barker is widely acknowledged as a major British dramatist (who has now had staged, broadcast or published over a hundred plays), director, theorist, scenographer and visual artist. In recent years, his reputation has extended to a position of international eminence. Our principal objective is to bring together as many Barker scholars and practitioners as possible from their different countries, to explore and analyse the full range of his remarkable body of work. It has become apparent that there is a wide interest in Barker's work, principally in France and America where his productions of his work are burgeoning (a four-play season at Paris Odéon in Spring 2009, alongside fifth and sixth concurrent Paris productions, and new productions of two early works this year in New York). Barker's own theatre company, The Wrestling School, which has recently become financially independent, is now in its third decade, and has increased its annual work from one production a year to two, continuing to explore and present innovative work, uncompromisingly. It is a timely juncture to review Barker's art of the theatre and both widen and intensify scholarly attention to the unique expanse of his work in the context of international theatre, at Aberystwyth University (where Barker is Honorary Professor, and where there has been an unparalleled tradition of student and professional productions of Barker's work for over two decades). The conference will include a rehearsed reading of Barker’s play A Wounded Knife, unperformed outside of Denmark, and possibly an exhibition of his paintings.

Topics to be discussed in relation to Barker's work might include:

Philosophy and ethical re-evaluation; practical perspectives: acting; direction; scenography and mise-en-scène; music and sound; landscapes; gender and sexuality; history and politics; language; the body and physicality; visual and aesthetic dimensions of the work: beauty and anxiety; production history: The Wrestling School, and/or beyond; eroticism and seduction; Barker in the context of European and world theatre; tragedy/comedy; stylistic developments within the Barker canon; the religious and the spiritual; Barker's re-visioning of classic drama texts; Barker's radio drama; paintings and drawings; and other perspectives on Barker's Art of the Theatre.

Confirmed keynote speakers:

Howard Barker

Prof. Elisabeth Angel-Perez (University of Paris-Sorbonne, Paris IV, editor of Howard Barker et le theatre de la Catastrophe and translator of Barker's essays): "Reinventing Grand Narratives: Barker’s Challenge to Postmodernism"

Dr. Charles Lamb (University of Winchester, author of The Theatre of Howard Barker): Barker's pictorial landscapes

Further contributions proposed by:

Prof. Heiner Zimmermann (University of Heidelberg): Visual memory in Barker's drama

Ms. Melanie Jessop (Actress and Outreach Officer, The Wrestling School Theatre Company): Anxiety in acting Barker

Mr. Gerrard McArthur (Actor and Director, The Wrestling School Theatre Company): "Overcoming the Paralysis of Naturalism: Barker's Bodies Making Brains"

Prof. Michael Mangan (Exeter University): Prisons in Barker's drama and theatre

Prof. Dan Rebellato (Royal Holloway, London): Barker's Genealogy of Morals

Dr. Graham Saunders (Reading): The Wrestling School theatre company and The Arts Council archive

Dr. Christine Kiehl (University of Lyon 2): The Paris Odéon 2009 Barker Season: analysis, with interviews with directors

Mr. Jay King (Florida State University): Time in Barker's drama

Mr. George Hunka (Superfluities Redux website, New York): Beckett, Foreman and Barker

Dr. Clare Finburgh (Essex University): Barker's women characters

Dr. Chris Megson (Royal Holloway, London): "'Evidence in contempt': Evocations of Anti-History in Barker's Theatre"

Mr. Daniel Sack (Stanford): "A Landscape Without Maps: Scenography as Character in Howard Barker's The Castle"

Prof. David Ian Rabey (Aberystwyth): Barker's poetry in the 1990s and 2000s

Dr. Carl Lavery (Aberystwyth): Barker, Genet, Kantor and the politics of death

Dr. Roger Owen (Aberystwyth): Barker's address to Dionysus

Please note all speakers and topics may be subject to change.

250 word proposals for presentations (which should not exceed 20 minutes delivery time), with any relevant technical requirements, and any further enquiries, should be submitted to Dr. Karoline Gritzner (kgg@aber.ac.uk) no later than 5 January 2009.

Conference fee and registration details will be confirmed in early 2009.

Posted at 9.09 am in /Dramatists/Howard_Barker

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